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Melicope radiata

(H.St.John) T.G.Hartley & B.C.Stone (1989)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Melicope

alani, alani kuahiwi

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Shrubs or small trees 2–6 m tall, new growth glabrate or sparsely appressed grayish puberulent to short–pilose.

Stems:

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite. Blades elliptic to ovate or sometimes suborbicular, 3–14 cm long, 3–7 cm wide. Apex acute or sometimes rounded. Base broadly cuneate, subtruncate, or subcordate. Surfaces glabrous or midrib on lower surfaces sparsely puberulent; with an anise–citrus odor when crushed; upper surfaces pale green; lower surfaces slightly paler and duller with usually reddish veins, thin, coriaceous, brittle. Margins entire. Primary lateral veins usually 7–22 pairs, inconspicuous, connected by a weakly arched vein 1–3 mm from margin, venation pinnate, lateral veins connected by an arched submarginal vein, higher order venation forming a reticulate pattern. Petioles (6–)12–36 mm long, glabrate. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers 1–3 in glabrate, axillary cymes, peduncles 10–12 mm long, pedicels 8–30 mm long, bracteoles minute, deltate, 1 mm or less long, sparsely puberulent, bracts small, opposite. Calyx of 4 sepals; sepals deltate–ovate, ca. 3 mm long, glabrate to very sparsely puberulent, imbricate. Corolla of 4 petals; petals narrowly deltate–lanceolate, 7–9 mm long, glabrous, apex acute, valvate. Stamens 8, in 2 whorls, distinct, reduced but always present in functionally pistillate flowers. Ovary superior, glabrous; style slender, ca. 4 mm long, nectary disk 8-lobed, ovary 4-celled and 4-lobed, carpels connate, only slightly distinct at apex to almost entirely distinct; ovules 2 per cell, hemitropous, 1 ascending; style 1, terminating in 4 short stigmatic branches.

Fruit: Capsules green to red–tinged; 20–36 mm wide; carpels connate ¼–⅓ their length; 10–18 mm long; becoming reflexed after dehiscence; exocarp and endocarp glabrous. the carpels dehiscing along the upper suture; exocarp. Seeds 1–2 per carpel; ca. 6–7 mm long. glossy black when ripe; crustaceous; ovoid; sometimes angled from compression; embryo straight in fleshy endosperm; radicle short; cotyledons compressed; ovate; putamen brown; warty.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Occurring in dry; mesic; and wet forest and subalpine shrubland.

Elevation Range: 300–1,650 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Molokai Unknown
Hawai'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Taxon 38: 121 (1989)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1202 (H [as Pelea radiata]); Hartley & Stone 1989:121 (COMBNOV, Syn. P. radiata = M. radiata)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Melicope radiata Kohala District, above Waimea Reservoir, E. of Mt. Kaala Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. 3 Hawaii BISH 1964-06-06
2 Melicope radiata Kipuka Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Russ, G.W. Hawaii BISH 1930-06-01
3 Melicope radiata Kilauea, Bird Park Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Hawaii BISH 1927-08-03
4 Melicope radiata Manuka NAR;, nature trail up to Kipuka Kilioe Metrosideros lowland mesic forest ca 25 - 30 m tall. W/ understory of Nestegis, Pisonia, Charpentiera, Psychotria hawaiiensis, Claoxylon, Myrsine lessertiana, Dodonaea viscosa, Alyxia oliviformis, Pipturus albidus, Antidesma platyphyllum & A. pulvinatum. Preserved_Specimen tree, 2 - 3 m tall, diffuse branched, occasional with Melicope hawaiensis. Wood, K.R. 13207 Hawaii BISH 2008-08-07
5 Melicope radiata Puna; upper Kealakomo In small patch of forest above pali, south of Volcano-Kalapana trail, old lava flow; with Metrosideros, Tetraplasandra, Myrsine. Preserved_Specimen Small sprawling shrub with opposite leaves of variable shape, redolent of lemon when crushed, brittle; cymes 1-3-flowered (usually 3-flowered); capsules green, glabrous, rotate before dehiscence, reflexed after dehiscence, the endocarp glabrous. Stone, B.C. 2994 Hawaii BISH 1959-06-29
6 Melicope radiata Kalapana trail in ohia forest Preserved_Specimen Small tree 10 ft. high Fagerlund, G.O. 796 Hawaii BISH 1943-08-17
7 Melicope radiata Kona District, Honaunau Forest Reserve, along jeep road in wet Metrosideros forest Preserved_Specimen Small, sparingly branched tree. Herbst, D.R. 5427 Hawaii BISH 1975-07-17
8 Melicope radiata N Hilo Distr., Honohina Ahu., Tr 17(114); E slope of Mauna Kea, on ridge E of Opea-Peleau Homesteads wet `ohi`a forest with other native trees and an exotic and native shrub understory. growing along stream bank. Preserved_Specimen Sapling; 1+ m. tall. Single flowers & fruit Warshauer, F.R. 1576 Hawaii BISH 1977-11-29
9 Melicope radiata Puna; upper Kealakomo, north of the pali, S of the Volcano-Kalapana trail dry forest on aa lava (Metrosideros, Canthium, Diospyros, Myrsine). the location is arid Preserved_Specimen A small tree with low rambling branches; capsules green, turning brown, rotate before dehiscence, strongly reflexed after dehisecence; cymes 3-7 flowered (usually 3-fld.). Stone, B.C. 3089 Hawaii BISH 1959-08-10
10 Melicope radiata Manuka NAR Metrosideros lowland mesic forest with 70% canopy cover @ 20-25 m tall with understory of Myrsine lessertiana, Dodonaea viscosa, Alyxia oliviformis, Pipturus albidus, Antidesma platyphyllum & A. pulvinatum, Myoporum, Tetraplasandra hawaiiense, Dryopteris fusco-atra, Asplenium polyphyllum, Lepisorus thunbergiana, Asplenium nidus Preserved_Specimen shrub, 2 m tall, diffusely branched, stems light brown, branch tips green, fruit reflexed, occasional Wood, K.R. 12345 Hawaii BISH 2007-04-13
11 Melicope radiata Kalapana trail infrequent in ohia forest. Preserved_Specimen Tree 15-j25 ft high. Fruits red; turning orange with age. Midrib of new leaves red. Stemens of 2 sizes. Flower: sepals and petals: 4, green. Pedicel 1/2. Fagerlund, G.O. 792 Hawaii BISH 1943-08-17
12 Melicope radiata Kalapana trail infrequent in ohia forest. Preserved_Specimen Tree 15-j25 ft high. Fruits red; turning orange with age. Midrib of new leaves red. Stemens of 2 sizes. Flower: sepals and petals: 4, green. Pedicel 1/2. Fagerlund, G.O. 792 Hawaii BISH 1943-08-17
13 Melicope radiata Puna Distr., Kamoamoa Ahu., Tr 37(53); 2 km. S of benchmark 2893, Volcano Hwy, S of Napau Crater Wet `ohi`a forest with other native trees and a treefern and native shrub understory. Preserved_Specimen 2 m. tall Stemmermann, R.L. 3810 Hawaii BISH 1979-06-01
14 Melicope radiata Puuwaawaa Open mesic forest (same lava tube hole as previous urera). Associated species: Urera, banana poka, ferns, Rubus hawaiensis. Preserved_Specimen Tree: 20 ft. high. DHB 6 inc. Buds present. Montgomery, S.L. 23 Hawaii BISH 1971-07-03
15 Melicope radiata South Kona Distr., NW end of Honaunau Forest Reserve Rain forest. Preserved_Specimen Vine climbing 20 ft. up trees. St.John, H. 18530 Hawaii BISH 1937-12-26
16 Melicope radiata N Hilo Distr., Laupahoehoe Ahu., Tr 14(38); E slope of Mauna Kea, along Kilau Stream wet koa-`ohi`a forest with other native trees and a treefern, native shrub understory. Preserved_Specimen 6 m. tall Warshauer, F.R. 1309 Hawaii BISH 1977-08-13
17 Melicope radiata Kaalaiki, Hionaa Ahupuaa, Kau Forest, Mountain House Road. Transect Ha, Station 3. Wet treefern and native shrub community with scattered [ohia] and other native trees. Preserved_Specimen Small tree, 5 cm Bd, ca 3 m tall; in flower w/buds, mature fruit. Jacobi, J.D. 659 Hawaii BISH 1976-06-05
18 Melicope radiata Puna; upper Kealakomo, north of the pali, S of the Volcano-Kalapana trail dry forest on aa lava (Metrosideros, Myrsine, Tetraplasandra, Santalum, Canthium, Diospyros). The location is arid; rains are occasional and violent; the lava is extremely porous. Preserved_Specimen A small tree, with low, rambling branches, rather long and brittle, with leaves clustered toward the ends; capsules green, turning brown, rotate and flat before dehiscing, glabrous, with glabrous endocarp. One of a population (see 3089-b) of highly variable leaf-shape but homogeneous capsules. The cymes are invariably 3-7 flowered; usually only 3-flowered. Stone, B.C. 3089 Hawaii BISH 1959-08-10
19 Melicope radiata Mauna Loa Truck trail Growing in partial shade Preserved_Specimen Small tree Fagerlund, G.O. 683 Hawaii BISH 1943-07-27
20 Melicope radiata Kau District, Ocean View Estates, Hukilau Drive and Pineapple Parkway on lava Preserved_Specimen Small trees 3 m. tall, with spreading spindly branches. Wagner, W.L. 5963 Hawaii BISH 1988-03-12
21 Melicope radiata Kahaualea Ahupuaa, SE slope of Kilauea, SE from Puu Kahaualea toward Kamoamoa. Transect 39, Station 61. Wet pioneer native shrub community. Preserved_Specimen 9 m tall; 5 cm dbh; viny branches. Warshauer, F.R. 2282 Hawaii BISH 1979-05-24
22 Melicope radiata N Kona Distr., Waipunalei Ahu., Tr 13(63); E slope of Mauna Kea, Hilo FR, along W fork of Kaawalii Stream Wet koa-`ohi`a forest with other native trees and a treefern, native shrub understory. Preserved_Specimen 7 cm. Bd; 5 m. tall. Flowers purple & green; 1-3 flowers per inflorescence. Warshauer, F.R. 1691 Hawaii BISH 1978-01-24
23 Melicope radiata So. of Kalapana trail ohia-uluhe forest Preserved_Specimen Shrub 10 ft. high. Veins of young leaves reddish. Fagerlund, G.O. 798 Hawaii BISH 1943-08-17
24 Melicope radiata Puna; upper Kealakomo, north of the pali, S of the Volcano-Kalapana trail dry forest on aa lava (Metrosideros, Canthium, Diospyros, Myrsine). the location is arid Preserved_Specimen A small tree with low rambling branches; capsules green, turning brown, rotate before dehiscence, strongly reflexed after dehisecence; cymes 3-7 flowered (usually 3-fld.). Stone, B.C. 3089 Hawaii BISH 1959-08-10
25 Melicope radiata NW side of Kamalo Valley Gulch. Up ridge to summit west of Kamakou Metrosideros-Styphelia-Dodonaea w/ Vaccinium, Scaevola, Wikstroemia, Osteomeles. Preserved_Specimen Endocarp & exocrp glabrous; 2 m tall w/ single old fruit; erly bud; Wood, K.R. 1377 Molokai BISH 1991-11-12
26 Melicope radiata SW. rift of Mauna Loa above Ocean View subdivision, approaching Puu Ohohia in kipuka under Metrosideros-Acacia koa cover, with Styphelia, Dodonaea. Preserved_Specimen Candelabra-branched small tree, 6 ft. tall. Crushed leaves with anise-citrus scent. Imada, C. 198 Hawaii BISH 1986-02-16
27 Melicope radiata Keauhou Ranch, Kau District, near rainshed on eastern boundary Growing in Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu) pasture with scattered Metrosideros, Cheirodendron and Perrottetia. Preserved_Specimen Flowers and fruit green. Cuddihy, L.W. 648 Hawaii BISH 1980-10-23
28 Melicope radiata Kamoamoa Ahupuaa, Boundary Puu (covered by 1980s lava flows), E rift zone of Kilauea on eastern edge of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Transect Ha, Station 42. Wet pioneer ohia forest with a matted-fern and native shrub understory. Preserved_Specimen ca 5 m tall. Warshauer, F.R. 1375 Hawaii BISH 1977-09-08
29 Melicope radiata Kau District, Ocean View Estates; Hukilau Drive `ohi`a successional forest on weathered lava Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5966 Hawaii BISH 1988-03-12
30 Melicope radiata Subdivision makai of Ocean View Estates, Kau in mixed ohia forest on aa Preserved_Specimen Stemmermann, R.L. 6663 Hawaii BISH 1980-06-06
31 Melicope radiata S. Kona Distr., Kealakekua Ahu., Tr 60(115); W slopes of Mauna Loa; 2-4 km. E of Keopuka Wet `ohi`a forest with other native trees and a treefern and native shrub understory. Shaded. Growing on aa. Preserved_Specimen Small tree: 4 cm. Bd; ca 3 m. tall. Light greenish-brown bark. Jacobi, J.D. 1140 Hawaii BISH 1978-08-04
32 Melicope radiata Kilauea-Mauna Loa Road, Keauhou, Puna Dist Open Acacia koa forest Preserved_Specimen tree 6 m. X 8 cm. St.John, H. 18411 Hawaii BISH 1937-12-19
33 Melicope radiata Kau District, Ocean View Estates; Hukilau Drive `ohi`a successional forest on weathered lava Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5965 Hawaii BISH 1988-03-12
34 Melicope radiata Kapapala near Kipuka Puaulu lava crevice Preserved_Specimen 7 ft. shrub. Takeuchi, W.N. 3657 Hawaii BISH 1987-08-02
35 Melicope radiata Puna District, Kahaualea NAR, trail to Puu O'o lava flow *Metrosideros - Dicranopteris - Ciboteium lowland wet forest with Hedyotis terminalis, Cheirodendron, Cyrtandra platyphylla, C. paludosa, Frecinetia, Broussaisia Preserved_Specimen tree, up to 5 m tall, trunk brown 15 cm diameter, moderately branched, in fruit, occasional to locally Wood, K.R. 12335 Hawaii BISH 2007-04-12
36 Melicope radiata Puna Forest Reserve 4 miles SE of Belt Road Wet, shrubby jungle. Preserved_Specimen Small, slender tree with slender branches; fls. yellowish green. Degener, O. 31479 Hawaii BISH 1968-12-31
37 Melicope radiata Kapua Rough lava Preserved_Specimen Straggling shrub, ht. 3 m. MacDaniels, L.H. 273 Hawaii BISH 1926-11-16
38 Melicope radiata Southwest flank of Mauna Loa Vegetation: Closed Metrosideros; substrate mixed soil and aa rock outcrops; understory consisting of Athyrium, Cibotium, Cyrtomium, Nephrolepis, Psidium and Psychotria. Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 6047 Hawaii BISH 1977-07-05
39 Melicope radiata Kau, Kapapala (Puuaulu) Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 399 Hawaii BISH 1911-08-07
40 Melicope radiata Keauhou Ranch, Kau District Disturbed open Metrosideros-Acacia koa forest. Growing in full sun in kikuyu grass. Preserved_Specimen Occasional tree, 6 ft tall. Leaves clustered at ends of branches. Flowers green, fruit green. Davis, J. 390 Hawaii BISH 1980-10-01
41 Melicope radiata Puna Forest Reserve four miles southeast of Belt Road wet, shrubby jungle Preserved_Specimen midrib of leaf beneath green or brownish pink; sepals brownish pink; petals pinkish Degener, O. 31479 Hawaii BISH 1968-02-20
42 Melicope radiata Kalapana Extension - Above Wahaula Visitor Center Partial shade. With Pisonia Preserved_Specimen Tree 20 ft. in height. Reeser, D.W. Hawaii BISH
43 Melicope radiata Kau, Kapapala (Puuaulu) Preserved_Specimen Tree 15 ft. high, leaves glossy green above, slightly paler beneath. Forbes, C.N. 399 Hawaii BISH 1911-08-07
44 Melicope radiata Kapuka Key & Puauhi, ranch side Preserved_Specimen Tree 15 ft. high, leaves glossy green above, slightly paler beneath. Forbes, C.N. 399 Hawaii BISH 1911-08-07
45 Melicope radiata Kohala Mts., Waimea Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 492 Hawaii BISH 1911-09-01
46 Melicope radiata Kohala Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8374 Hawaii BISH 1910-06-01
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